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Xejriet u projezzjonijiet: rikorrenza limitata fl-emissjonijiet tal-UE fost l-irkupru wara l-pandemija u l-kriżi tal-enerġija

Biddel il-lingwa
News Ippubblikat 24 Nov 2022 Mibdul l-aħħar 03 Aug 2023
5 min read
L-emissjonijiet ta’ gassijiet serra u l-konsum tal-enerġija żdiedu fl-2021 l-aktar minħabba l-irkupru tal-Ewropa wara l-pandemija, skont l-aħħar rapport “Xejriet u Projezzjonijiet” ippubblikat illum mill-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Ambjent (EEA). Il-biċċa l-kbira tal-Istati Membri tal-UE rnexxielhom jilħqu b’suċċess il-miri tal-UE dwar il-klima u l-enerġija għall-2020 u issa qed iħarsu lejn in-newtralità klimatika filwaqt li jindirizzaw ukoll il-kriżi attwali tal-provvista tal-enerġija. Il-kisba ta’ miri aktar ambizzjużi għall-klima u l-enerġija għall-2030 se tirrikjedi aktar mid-doppju tal-progress annwali fit-tnedija tas-sorsi ta’ enerġija rinnovabbli, it-tnaqqis tal-konsum tal-enerġija u l-emissjonijiet ta’ gassijiet serra.

L-iffrankar tal-enerġija u t-tisħiħ tas-sorsi tal-enerġija rinnovabbli huma kritiċi mhux biss biex tiġi indirizzata l-kriżi immedjata tal-enerġija iżda wkoll biex tinkiseb newtralità klimatika,

Wara perjodu twil ta’ tnaqqis fl-emissjonijiet ta’ gassijiet serra fl-Ewropa, l-irkupru ekonomiku mil-lockdowns tal-COVID-19 wassal għal żieda fl-emissjonijiet, b’mod partikolari fis-setturi tat-trasport, tal-industrija u tal-provvista tal-enerġija, skont id-datarrapportata għar-rapport tal-EEA Trends and Projections in Europe 2022 [Xejriet u Projezzjonijiet fl-Ewropa 2022]. Bi kriżi tal-enerġija imminenti u b’mod partikolari prezz għoli tal-gass, is-settur tal-provvista tal-enerġija ra bidla parzjali għal fjuwils tal-enerġija aktar intensivi fil-karbonju, filwaqt li t-tkabbir qawwi fl-enerġija rinnovabbli osservat f’dawn l-aħħar snin tilef ir-ritmu fl-2021. Biex jiġi miġġieled dan l-iżvilupp, huwa kruċjali li d-deċiżjonijiet dwar l-infrastruttura tal-enerġija llum iqisu l-mira tan-newtralità klimatika tal-futur biex jiġu evitati effetti impenjati tal-karbonju.

“Fix-xhur u s-snin li ġejjin se tkun meħtieġa azzjoni kritika biex jiġi żgurat li l-Istati Membri tal-UE jkunu jistgħu jistabbilixxu pjanijiet ambizzjużi għat-tnaqqis tal-emissjonijiet biex jilħqu l-miri klimatiċi tal-UE. Filwaqt li hemm bżonn ta’ miżuri fuq perjodu ta’ żmien qasir biex tingħata spinta lill-provvisti tal-enerġija din ix-xitwa, dawn l-investimenti jenħtieġ li ma jżommux lill-Ewropa f’ħafna snin oħra ta’ dipendenza mill-fjuwils fossili. L-iffrankar tal-enerġija u t-tisħiħ tas-sorsi tal-enerġija rinnovabbli huma kritiċi mhux biss biex tiġi indirizzata l-kriżi immedjata tal-enerġija iżda wkoll biex tinkiseb newtralità klimatika,” qal Hans Bruyninckx, id-Direttur Eżekuttiv tal-EEA.

 

Rikorrenza tal-emissjonijiet; il-konsum tal-enerġija jiżdied

Skont id-datapreliminari rrapportata mill-Istati Membri tal-UE, l-emissjonijiet ta’ gassijiet serra żdiedu b’5 % fl-2021 mill-2020, inkluż l-avjazzjoni internazzjonali. Madankollu, l-emissjonijiet għadhom ferm taħt il-livell ta’ qabel il-COVID tal-2019.

L-istimi jissuġġerixxu li l-konsum tal-enerġija żdied fl-2021 kemm fil-konsum ta’ enerġija primarja kif ukoll fil-konsum finali tal-enerġija, b’6 % u 5 % rispettivament, meta mqabbel mal-2020. Il-konsum ta’ enerġija primarja jkejjel id-domanda għall-enerġija, filwaqt li l-konsum finali tal-enerġija jirreferi għal dak li l-utenti finali fil-fatt jużaw. Din iż-żieda fl-użu tal-enerġija tista’ tiġi attribwita l-aktar għall-irkupru ekonomiku. Fl-2021, l-effett taż-żieda fil-prezzijiet tal-enerġija fuq iċ-ċifri tal-konsum annwali kien għadu ma jidhirx, u jista’ jkun mistenni li dan se jkun aktar evidenti fl-2022.

Id-datapreliminari tissuġġerixxi  li s-sehem totali tas-sorsi tal-enerġija rinnovabbli tal-Ewropa baqa’ ta’ 22 % tal-konsum tal-enerġija fl-2021, u b’hekk waqaf it-tkabbir li altrimenti kien qawwi f’dawn l-aħħar snin. Dan jista’ jiġi spjegat permezz ta’ inqas kontributi mill-enerġija mir-riħ u mill-idroenerġija fl-2021, flimkien ma’ rikorrenzi fil-konsum tal-enerġija.

 

Sena kritika ’l quddiem għall-progress dwar il-miri tal-2030

Fis-snin li ġejjin, se jkun meħtieġ li t-tnaqqis sostanzjali fl-emissjonijiet jiġi sostnut sena wara sena biex tinkiseb in-newtralità klimatika fit-tul. Bil-Liġi Ewropea dwar il-Klima, il-mira ta’ tnaqqis tal-2030 żdiedet għal tnaqqis nett ta’ mill-inqas 55 % fl-emissjonijiet ta’ gassijiet serra sal-2030, meta mqabbel mal-livelli tal-1990. F’dan il-mument il-Parlament Ewropew u l-Istati Membri qed jinnegozjaw il-pakkett komprensiv “Lesti għall-mira ta’ 55 %”, filwaqt li jqisu wkoll il-pjan propost RePower EU tal-2022.

Biex tintlaħaq il-mira tal-2030 ta’ 55 % tal-emissjonijiet netti ta’ gassijiet serra, l-emissjonijiet ikollhom jonqsu b’134 miljun tunnellata ta’ diossidu tal-karbonju (MtCO2 eq) fis-sena bħala medja mil-livelli stmati tal-2021. Dan huwa aktar mid-doppju tat-tnaqqis annwali medju li nkiseb bejn l-1990 u l-2020. Is-setturi kollha hemm bżonn li jżidu b’mod sinifikanti l-isforzi tagħhom fil-mitigazzjoni tal-emissjonijiet ta’ gassijiet serra. Barra minn hekk, it-tneħħija tas-CO2 permezz tal-użu tal-art, it-tibdil fl-użu tal-art u l-forestrija trid tiżdied, u treġġa’ lura x-xejra attwali ta’ bir ta’ karbonju li qed jiċkien fl-UE.

Fl-istess ħin, l-użu tal-enerġija jenħtieġ jonqos b’mod sostanzjali matul is-snin li ġejjin — il-mira proposta reċentement għall-2030 fil-kuntest ta’ REPower EU teħtieġ aktar minn irduppjar tal-iffrankar annwali tal-enerġija fil-perjodu 2022–2030. L-istess japplika għall-enerġiji rinnovabbli: sa mill-2005, is-sehem tal-enerġija rinnovabbli fil-konsum finali gross tal-enerġija tal-Ewropa kiber b’medja ta’ 0.8 punti perċentwali kull sena. Dan in-numru jenħtieġ li jiżdied għal 2.5 punti perċentwali fis-sena lejn l-2030 sabiex tintlaħaq il-mira miżjuda ta’ 45 % għall-enerġija rinnovabbli proposta fir-REPowerEU.

Fil-livell tal-Istati Membri, filwaqt li diġà sar progress sostanzjali, il-politiki u l-miżuri attwali mhumiex biżżejjed biex jintlaħqu l-miri ambizzjużi l-ġodda dwar il-klima u l-enerġija. Sa nofs l-2023, l-Istati Membri se jissottomettu abbozz ta’ aġġornamenti tal-pjanijiet nazzjonali tagħhom dwar l-enerġija u l-klima. Dan se jagħtihom l-opportunità li jżidu l-miżuri tagħhom u jiżviluppaw pjanijiet għall-perjodu sal-2030 li jirriflettu l-ambizzjonijiet il-ġodda tal-UE u l-għan tan-newtralità klimatika.

 

EEA’s climate and energy package:

Updated climate and energy indicators:

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Ibbażat fuq dejta

Data Greenhouse gas emissions under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) The Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) No 406/2009/EC establishes annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for the period 2013–2020. These targets concern emissions from most sectors not included in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), such as transport, buildings, agriculture and waste. Emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) and international shipping are not included. Every year, the EEA coordinates the ESD review of Member States’ greenhouse gas inventories, so that the European Commission can determine compliance with the annual ESD targets on the basis of accurate, reliable and verified emission data. Review reports and final ESD emissions are published by the European Commission. ESD emissions for the period 2005–2012 and for the latest year ("Y-1") are estimated by EEA on the basis of national GHG inventory data and ETS emissions.
Data Approximated estimates for greenhouse gas emissions The Governance Regulation ((EU) 2018/1999) requires Member States to annually report approximated greenhouse gas inventories by 31 July. A Union approximated greenhouse gas inventory is annually compiled on the basis of the Member States’ approximated greenhouse gas inventories or, if a Member State has not communicated its approximated inventories by that date, on the basis of own estimates.
Data Approximated estimates for the primary and final consumption of energy in 2021 (EEA 2021 proxies on primary and final energy consumption) The Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED) and amending directive 2018/2002/EU establish a common framework for the promotion of energy efficiency within the Union in order to ensure the achievement of the Union’s target of 20 % reduction in energy consumption by 2020 and 32 % by 2030, and to pave the way for further energy efficiency improvements beyond that date. It also calls on Member States to set their own indicative national energy efficiency targets. Since early access to the most recent information on energy consumption is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the consumption of primary and final energy in the previous year, across the EU as a whole and in each Member State. These estimates are compatible with the scope of the energy efficiency targets for 2020 and 2030, and they correspond to the indicator codes PEC2020-2030 and FEC2020-2030 from Eurostat. The current data set concerns the EEA 2021 proxies on primary and final energy consumption (PEC2020-2030; FEC2020-2030).
Data Approximated estimates for the share of gross final consumption of renewable energy sources in 2021 (EEA 2021 RES share proxies) The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC and its recast 2018/2001/EU commit the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020, and 32 % by 2030. They also set a target of 10 % share of renewable energy in transport by 2020, and 14% by 2030. Since early access to the most recent information on the growth of RES is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the RES shares achieved by the countries and the EU as a whole in the previous year. The current data set concerns the EEA 2021 RES share proxies. The cut-off date for most data sources incorporated in the calculation of the approximated RES shares is 31 July of the publication year.
Data Member States' greenhouse gas (GHG) emission projections The Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action ((EU) 2018/1999) requires Member States to report national projections of anthropogenic GHG emissions. Every two years, each EU Member State shall report GHG projections in a ‘with existing measures’ scenario for the years 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035 and 2040, by gas (or group of gases) and by sector. National projections shall take into consideration any policies and measures adopted at Union level. The reported data are quality checked by the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Energy (ETC/CME).

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