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Hava kirliliği

Dili değiştir
Sayfa Son değiştirilme 23.11.2023
Hava kirliliği insan sağlığına ve çevreye zarar vermektedir. Avrupa’da, bir çok hava kirletici emisyonu son on yıllarda önemli ölçüde azalmış ve bölgede iyileşen hava kalitesi ile sonuçlanmıştır. Ancak, hava kirleticilerinin konsantrasyonları hala oldukça yüksektir ve hava kalitesiyle ilgili problemler devam etmektedir. Avrupa nüfusunun önemli bir bölümü, özellikle şehirler olmak üzere hava kalitesi standartlarının aşıldığı bölgelerde yaşamaktadır: ozon, nitrojen dioksit ve partikül madde (PM) kirliliği ciddi sağlık riskleri teşkil etmektedir. Çeşitli ülkelerde dört önemli hava kirletici için 2010 emisyon sınırlarının bir ya da birkaçı aşılmıştır. Bu sebeple hava kirliliğinin azaltılması halen önem taşımaktadır.

Hava kirliliği yerel, pan-Avrupa ve yarım küresel bir sorundur. Bir ülkeye salınan hava kirleticiler atmosferde taşınarak başka bir yerde hava kirliliğine katkıda bulunabilir veya yol açabilir.

Partikül madde, nitrojen dioksit ve yer seviyesindeki ozon, günümüzde genel olarak insan sağlığını en çok etkileyen iki kirletici olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu kirleticilere uzun süre ve yüksek düzeylerde maruz kalmak, solunum sisteminin olumsuz şekilde etkilenmesinden erken ölüme kadar, geniş yelpazede etkilere neden olmaktadır. Avrupa'daki şehir sakinlerinin yaklaşık %90'ı, sağlık açısından zararlı kabul edilen hava kalitesi seviyelerinin üstünde konsantrasyonlara sahip kirleticilere maruz kalmaktadır. Örneğin, havadaki ince partikül madde (PM2.5) konsantrasyonunun, AB’de yaşam beklentisini sekiz aydan fazla azalttığı tahmin edilmektedir. Benzo(a)pyrene, önemi her geçen gün artan kanserojen bir kirletici olup, özellikle orta ve doğru Avrupa başta olmak üzere birçok kentsel alanda insan sağlığını korumak için belirlenmiş eşik değerin üzerinde konsantrasyonlara sahiptir.

Hava kirliliği, insan sağlığına ve eko-sistemlere zararlıdır. Mevcut standartlara göre, insan nüfusunun büyük bir kısmı sağlıklı bir çevrede yaşamamaktadır. Sürdürülebilir bir yolda ilerlemek için, Avrupa istekli olmalı ve mevcut kanunların ötesine geçmelidir.

Hans Bruyninckx, AÇA İcra Direktörü

Hava kirliliği aynı zamanda çevremize de zarar vermektedir.

  • Asitlenme Avrupa‘nın aşırı sülfür ve nitrojen bileşikleri ile asit birikimine maruz kalan hassas ekosistem bölgelerinde 1990 ve 2010 yılları arasında önemli ölçüde azaltılmıştır.
  • Ötrofikasyon, ekosisteme aşırı besin maddesi girişinden kaynaklanan bir çevre sorunu olup, bu alanda daha az ilerleme kaydedilmiştir. Aşırı atmosferik nitrojenden etkilenen hassas ekosistem alanlarında, 1990 ve 2010 yılları arasında yalnızca çok düşük düzeyde azalma kaydedilmiştir.
  • Yüksek ozon konsantrasyonlarına maruziyet, tarım ürünlerine hasar vermektedir. Tarım ürünlerinin çoğu, bitkilerin ozon hasarından korunmasına yönelik uzun vadeli AB hedefini aşan ozon seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Bilhassa güney, orta ve doğu Avrupa’da tarım alanlarının önemli bir oranı, AB hedef değerlerinin üzerindeki ozon seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır.

Avrupa’nın hava kalitesi, hava kirleticilerin antropojenik (insan kaynaklı) emisyonlarındaki genel düşüşle her zaman paralel bir iyileşme göstermemiştir. Bu durumun nedenleri karmaşıktır:

  • Havada gözlenen hava kirleticilerin konsantrasyonları ile azalan emisyonlar arasında her zaman açık doğrusal bir ilişki yoktur;
  • Hava kirleticilerinin kuzey yarım küredeki diğer ülkelerden Avrupa’ya taşınması hava kirliliğine giderek artan oranda katkıda bulunmaya devam etmektedir.

Bu sebeple, Avrupa’da insan sağlığını ve çevreyi daha fazla korumak için, emisyonları azaltmaya yönelik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Hava kirliliği kaynakları

Antropojenik ve doğal olmak üzere çeşitli hava kirliliği kaynakları bulunmaktadır:

  • Elektrik üretimi, ulaşım, endüstri ve hanelerde fosil yakıtların yakılması;
  • Kimya ve madem sanayinde olmak üzere; endüstriyel prosesler ve solvent kullanımı
  • Tarım;
  • Atık arıtma;
  • Volkanik patlamalar, rüzgarla taşınan toz, deniz tuzu serpintisi ile bitkilerdeki uçucu organik bileşiklerin emisyonları doğal emisyon kaynaklarına örnektir.

Avrupa Birliği politikaları

AB’nin uzun vadeli hedefi, insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerinde kabul edilemeyecek etkiler ve riskler yaratmayacak hava kalitesine ulaşmaktır. AB, hava kirliliğine maruziyeti azaltmak için birçok düzeyde faaliyet göstermektedir: Kanunlar; uluslararası, ulusal ve bölgesel otoriteler ile resmi olmayan organizasyonların yanı sıra, hava kirliliğinden sorumlu sektörlerle işbirliği ve araştırma. AB politikaları, hava kalitesine yönelik sınırları ve hedef değerleri belirleyerek ve emisyonları azaltarak hava kirliliğine maruziyeti azaltmayı hedeflemektedir. 2013'ün sonlarında Avrupa Komisyonu, hava kirliliğini azaltmaya yönelik yeni önlemleri içeren bir Temiz Hava Kalitesi Paketi önerisini benimsemiştir.

Avrupa Hava Kirliliği Politikaları hakkında daha fazla bilgi için buraya tıklayınız

AÇA faaliyetleri

Avrupa Çevre Ajansı (AÇA), Avrupa Birliği’nin hava kirliliği veri merkezi’dir; hava emisyonları ve hava kalitesi ile ilgili AB mevzuatının uygulanmasını desteklemektedir. AÇA, ayrıca, AB hava kirliliği politikalarının değerlendirilmesine ve Avrupa’da hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik uzun vadeli stratejilerin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır.

AÇA çalışmaları aşağıdaki konulara odaklanmaktadır:

  • Çeşitli hava kirliliği verilerinin kamuya açık hale getirilmesi.
  • Avrupa’daki hava kirliliği eğilimleri ile ilgili politikaların ve önlemlerin belgelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi.
  • iklim değişikliği, enerji, ulaşım ve endüstri dahil olmak üzere farklı alanlardaki politikalar ile hava kirliliği arasındaki dengelerin ve ilişkinin incelenmesi.

AÇA faaliyetleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi için buraya tıklayınız

Yararlı bağlantılar

AÇA hava kirliliği bağlantıları derlemesini yayınlamıştır.

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Lithuania - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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France – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Iceland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Germany - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Slovakia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Switzerland – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Ireland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Turkey - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Italy – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Lithuania – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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France - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Spain - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Luxembourg - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Turkey - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Cyprus - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Greece – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Poland – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Croatia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Spain - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Netherlands – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
North Macedonia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Hungary – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Switzerland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Austria – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
North Macedonia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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France - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Czechia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Hungary - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Liechtenstein - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Hungary - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Malta - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Montenegro – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Norway - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Ireland – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
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Switzerland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Ireland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Croatia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Slovakia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Denmark - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Turkey - Air pollution country fact sheet 2019 Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Portugal - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Poland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Iceland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Iceland – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Portugal – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Switzerland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Kosovo – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Serbia – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Liechtenstein - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Bulgaria - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Croatia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Albania – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Finland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Finland - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Czechia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Romania – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Austria – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Italy - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Germany - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Germany - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Netherlands - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Lithuania - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Czechia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Portugal - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Sweden - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Czechia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Germany – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Greece - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Liechtenstein - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Romania - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Italy - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Luxembourg - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Greece - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Estonia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Latvia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
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Malta - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Slovakia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Greece - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Slovenia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
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Malta - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Iceland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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North Macedonia – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Austria – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Estonia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
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Latvia - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Luxembourg – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Hungary - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Spain – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Slovenia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Slovenia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Ireland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Montenegro – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Slovakia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Cyprus - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Cyprus - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Montenegro – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Sweden - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Norway - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Romania - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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United Kingdom - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Turkey – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Slovenia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Poland - Air pollution country fact sheet 2019 Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Bulgaria - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Bulgaria - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Bosnia and Herzegovina – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Netherlands - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Estonia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Denmark - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Finland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Serbia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Belgium – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Lithuania - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Portugal - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Latvia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Sweden - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Serbia – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Netherlands - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Luxembourg - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Dashboard (Tableau)
Archived
Sweden – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Croatia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Denmark - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Belgium – air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2019
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Spain - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Belgium – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Norway - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Albania – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Finland – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
United Kingdom - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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France - Air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Archived
Kosovo – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
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Poland - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Latvia - Air pollution country fact sheet Air pollution country fact sheet 2020
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Austria – air pollution country fact sheet A significant proportion of Europe's urban population lives in cities where EU air quality standards for the protection of human health are regularly exceeded. Air pollution continues to have significant impacts on the health of Europeans, particularly in urban areas. These health impacts have economic costs, cutting short lives, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through lost working days. The pollutants with the most serious impacts on human health are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.

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Ayrıca bkz.

Klasör Ulaşım Ulaşım, AÇA üye ülkelerindeki toplam nihai enerji tüketiminin yaklaşık üçte birinden ve sera gazı emisyonlarının beşte birinden fazlasından sorumludur. Ayrıca, kentsel hava kirliliğinin yanı sıra gürültü sıkıntısının büyük bir kısmından da sorumludur. Bunun yanında, ulaşımın çevre görünümü üzerinde ciddi bir etkisi vardır; doğal alanları, küçük arazi parçalarına bölmekte ve bu durum, hayvanlar ve bitkiler için ciddi sonuçlar doğurmaktadır.
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Norway – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Austria – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Belgium – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Bulgaria – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Hungary – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Lithuania – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Estonia – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Malta – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Greece – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
Sayfa Air pollution country fact sheets 2023 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 32 EEA member countries and 6 cooperating countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
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Czech Republic – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Sweden – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Finland – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Iceland – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Slovenia – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Cyprus – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Air pollution country fact sheets 2022 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 32 EEA member countries and 6 cooperating countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
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Switzerland – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Luxembourg – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Slovakia – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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United Kingdom – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Air pollution country fact sheets 2021 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 32 EEA member countries and 6 cooperating countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
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Ireland – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Spain – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Turkey – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Netherlands – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Italy – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Portugal – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Croatia – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Latvia – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Air pollution country fact sheets 2020 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 32 EEA member countries*, 6 cooperating countries, and the United Kingdom. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
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Germany – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Romania – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Denmark – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Air pollution country fact sheets 2019 The air pollution country fact sheets summarise key data on air pollution for each of the 33 EEA member countries. Indicators on past and future emission trends are presented, as well as a summary of the national air quality situation in each country.
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Poland – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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France – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
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Liechtenstein – air pollution country fact sheet 2018
Klasör Endüstri Avrupa endüstrisinin çevresel performansı son birkaç on yıllık dönemde iyileşmiştir. Değişiklikler birçok nedenden kaynaklanmaktadır: daha katı hale gelen yönetmelikler, enerji verimliliğindeki iyileşmeler, Avrupa endüstrisinin bazı ağır ve daha kirletici üretim tiplerinden uzaklaşması yönündeki genel eğilim ve şirketlerin çevresel etkilerinin azaltılmasını hedefleyen gönüllü programlara katılması.
Klasör Enerji Enerji endüstriyel, ticari ve toplumsal refahın geliştirilmesi ve ayrıca kişisel konfor ve refah için de hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Ancak, enerjinin üretimi ve tüketilmesi çevre üzerinde büyük baskılar yaratır: sera gazı ve hava kirletici emisyonu, arazi kullanımı, atık üretimi ve petrol sızıntıları Bu baskılar iklim değişikliğini hızlandırmakta, doğal ekosistemlere ve insanlar tarafından oluşturulan çevreye zarar vermekte ve insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir.
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Dış bağlantılar
Klasör Sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltımı İklim değişikliği şu anda meydana gelmektedir: sıcaklıklar yükseliyor, yağış döngüleri değişiyor, buzullar ve karlar erimekte ve tüm dünyada ortalama deniz seviyesi yükselmektedir. Isınmanın büyük bir kısmı büyük olasılıkla, insan faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan emisyonların bir sonucu olarak atmosferik sera gazı konsantrasyonlarında gözlenen artıştan kaynaklanmaktadır. İklim değişikliğinin etkilerini hafifletmek için, bu emisyonları azaltmamız veya önlememiz gerekir.
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Politika bağlamı Avrupa Birliği dahilinde, Altıncı Çevre Eylem Programı (6. ÇEP), insan sağlığı ve çevre için kabul edilemez etki ve risklere yol açmayan hava kalitesi düzeylerine ulaşılmasını amaçlamaktadır. AB, hava kirliliği maruziyetini azaltmak için pek çok düzeyde eylemde bulunmaktadır: mevzuat yoluyla, hava kirliliğinden sorumlu sektörlerle işbirliği yaparak, ulusal, böglesel makamlar ve sivil toplum kuruluşları ve araştırmalar yoluyla. AB politikaları hava kirliliği maruziyetini, emisyonları azaltarak ve hava kalitesi için sınır ve hedef değerler belirleyerek azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır.

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