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An Ithir

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Document Dernière modification 15/03/2023
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Tá an ithir mar bhonn is mar thaca le 90% de tháirgeadh bia, beathú agus breosla, agus cuireann sé amhábhar ar fáil do ghníomhaíochtaí éagsúla, idir ghairneoireacht agus an earnáil tógála. Tá an ithir ríthábhachtach chun sláinte an éiceachórais a chinntiú: íonaíonn agus rialaíonn sí an t-uisce, agus feidhmíonn sí mar inneall do thimthriallta cothaithigh agus is taisce do ghéinte agus speicis í. Is linn dé-ocsaíd charbóin dhomhanda í, agus tá ról tábhachtach aici chun moill a chur ar an athrú aeráide agus a n-iarmhairtí. Ina theannta sin, fágtar iarsmaí den am atá thart ann inti, agus dá bhrí sin is cuid thábhachtach dár n-oidhreacht chultúrtha í.

Ach bíonn an tsochaí i gcónaí ag tarraingt as an ithir agus is minic a bhíonn na héilimh éagsúla i gcoimhlint lena chéile. Tá brú mór ar chumas na hithreach chun seirbhísí éiceachórais a chur ar fáil — ó thaobh táirgeacht bia, mar linn bhithéagsúlachta agus rialaitheoir gáis, uisce agus cothaitheach. Déanann na rátaí breathnaithe ar shéalú ithreach, creimeadh, laghdú ar ábhar orgánach san ithir agus éilliú dochar do theacht aniar na hithreach agus an cumas atá aici dul in oiriúint do na hathruithe.

I gcomhthéacs fad saoil an duine, is acmhainn neamh-inathnuaite í an ithir. Mar shochaí, caithfimid an ithir a bhainistiú ar bhonn inbhuanaithe chun leas a bhaint as a buntáistí. D’ainneoin réimse na ngníomhaíochtaí atá ag brath ar an ithir ar deireadh, níl aon reachtaíocht shonrach ag an AE maidir le hithir. Go dtí seo, murab ionann is an t-uisce agus an t-aer, bítear ag plé leis an ithir go hindíreach nó mar chuid de pholasaithe earnála: talmhaíocht agus foraoiseacht, fuinneamh, uisce, an t-athrú aeráide, cosaint an nádúir, dramhaíl agus ceimiceáin. Tá an easpa beartais chomhleanúnaigh san AE maidir le hithir le feiceáil chomh maith sa ghanntanas sonraí comhchuibhithe faoin ithir.

Ach le deich mbliana anuas, tá dul chun cinn déanta ar fhorbairt beartais agus iarrachtaí chun sonraí a chomhordú. Léiríonn Straitéis Théamach an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh maidir leis an Ithir ó 2006 an gá le feidhmiú na hithreach a chosaint mar ghné thábhachtach den fhorbairt inbhuanaithe. Ar an leibhéal domhanda, táthar ag déileáil le ceist na hithreach mar chuid de choincheap níos forleithne an díghrádaithe talún (teoranta do limistéir talaimh thirime faoi láthair) faoi Choinbhinsiún na Náisiún Aontaithe chun Gaineamhlú a Chomhrac (UNCCD). Níos deireanaí, mar chuid den choincheap chun neodracht i ndíghrádú talún a chinntiú a leagadh síos sna Spriocanna Forbartha Inbhuanaithe (SDGanna), a d’aontaigh Comhthionól Ginearálta na Náisiún Aontaithe in 2015, tugadh isteach an coincheap d’fheidhmeanna na hithreach a chaomhnú. Áirítear sna SDGanna sin cuspóirí maidir le caighdeán na hithreach, éilliú na hithreach, agus bainistíocht ceimiceán agus dramhaíola. Is uirlis thábhachtach iad na SDGanna chun bearta a chur i bhfeidhm chun an ithir a chosaint san Eoraip. Táthar i mbun iarrachtaí chun faisnéis ithreach don phobal a chomhchuibhiú agus a chaighdeánú ar an leibhéal domhanda agus Eorpach.

Déanann EEA measúnuithe bunaithe ar tháscairí maidir le réimse topaicí úsáide talún agus ithreach faoin gcnuasach téamach de tháscairí úsáide talún agus ithreach (Tacair LSI). Cuimsíonn an LSI táscairí maidir le tógáil talún, neamh-thréscaoilteacht, bainistíocht suíomhanna éillithe, taise na hithreach, creimeadh ithreach agus carbón orgánach san ithir. Tá táscairí  beartaithe maidir le bloghadh agus athchúrsáil talún. Cuireann Seirbhísí faireacháin talún Copernicus nuashonruithe rialta ar fáil maidir le cuid de na táscairí sin. Foilsíonn EEA meastacháin ad hoc maidir le hábhair shonracha a bhaineann leis an ithir, ar nós éifeachtúlacht acmhainní i gceantair uirbeacha, nó ualú cothaithigh nó miotail sa timpeallacht.

Ag brath ar an ábhar, rachaidh an EEA i gcomhar le comhghleacaithe ón gCoimisiún Eorpach (go háirithe leis an Airmheán Comhpháirteach Taighde agus an Ard-Stiúrthóireacht Chomhshaoil), ionadaithe Eionet ón Ionad Tagartha Náisiúnta d’Úsáid Ithreach agus Talún, agus Pleanáil Spásúlachta, agus líonraí agus saineolaithe eile Eorpacha. Áirítear i measc na gcomhpháirtithe domhanda: Ard-Rúnaíocht UNCCD, an Chompháirtíocht Dhomhanda don Ithir, an Tionscnamh Domhanda Táscairí Talún (arna éascú ag UN-Habitat) agus Clár Comhshaoil na Náisiún Aontaithe.

Tá na Lárionaid Théamacha Eorpacha ábhartha ag tacú le hobair an EEA sa réimse téamach seo ó 1996; tacaíonn an Lárionad Téamach Eorpach maidir le Córais Uirbeacha, Talún agus Ithreach (ETC/ULS), atá gníomhach ó 2014 i leith, le hobair an EEA ar ithreacha. In 2007, aistríodh gníomhaíochtaí sonraí ithreacha chuig an Lárionad Sonraí Eorpacha don Ithir san Airmheán Comhpháirteach Taighde

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Indicateurs connexes

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Archived
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Indicator Assessment
Archived
Imperviousness and imperviousness change Between 2006 and 2009, soil sealing, or imperviousness, increased in all EEA-39 countries by a total of 4 364 k m 2 . This corresponds to an annual average increase of 1 454 k m 2 , or 0.027 % of the total EEA-39 area. During this period, the rate of increase in soil sealing relative to country area varied from 0.001 % to 0.48 %. In 2009, the percentage of a countries' total area that was sealed also varied greatly, with values ranging from 0.15 % to 15.23 %. The highest sealing values, as a percentage of country area, occurred in small countries with high population densities, while the lowest sealing values could be found in large countries with low population densities. The most problematic situation occurs in countries where there is already a high percentage of sealing and where the annual rate of increase relative to country area is high.
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Soil moisture Soil moisture content is already being affected by rising temperatures and changes in precipitation amounts, both of which are evidence of changes in climate. Since 1951, modelled soil moisture content significantly increased in parts of northern Europe and decreased in the Mediterranean region. Projections for 2021–2050 show a general change in summer soil moisture content over most of Europe, including significant decreases in the Mediterranean region and increases in the northeastern part of Europe. Maintaining water-retention capacity and porosity are important to reduce the impacts of intense rainfall and droughts, which are projected to become more frequent and severe. The modelled results are based on natural factors and disregard artificial drainage and irrigation practices.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Progress in management of contaminated sites Local soil contamination in 2011 was estimated at 2.5 million potentially contaminated sites in the EEA-39, of which about 45 % have been identified to date. About one third of an estimated total of 342 000 contaminated sites in the EEA-39 have already been identified and about 15 % of these 342 000 sites have been remediated. However, there are substantial differences in the underlying site definitions and interpretations that are used in different countries.   Four management steps are defined for the management and control of local soil contamination, namely site identification (or preliminary studies), preliminary investigations, main site investigations, and implementation of risk reduction measures. Progress with each of these steps provides evidence that countries are identifying potentially contaminated sites, verifying if these sites are actually contaminated and implementing remediation measures where these are required. Some countries have defined targets for the different steps.   Thirty of the 39 countries surveyed maintain comprehensive inventories for contaminated sites: 24 countries have central national data inventories, while six countries, namely Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, Greece, Italy and Sweden, manage their inventories at the regional level. Almost all of the inventories include information on polluting activities, potentially contaminated sites and contaminated sites.   Contaminated soil continues to be commonly managed using “traditional” techniques, e.g. excavation and off-site disposal, which accounts for about one third of management practices. In-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques for contaminated soil are applied more or less equally.   Overall, the production sectors contribute more to local soil contamination than the service sectors, while mining activities are important sources of soil contamination in some countries. In the production sector, metal industries are reported as most polluting whereas the textile, leather, wood and paper industries are minor contributors to local soil contamination. Gasoline stations are the most frequently reported sources of contamination for the service sector.   The relative importance of different contaminants is similar for both liquid and solid matrices. The most frequent contaminants are mineral oils and heavy metals. Generally, phenols and cyanides make a negligible overall contribution to total contamination.   On average, 42 % of the total expenditure on the management of contaminated sites comes from public budgets. Annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites are on average about EUR 10.7 per capita. This corresponds to an average of 0.041 % of the national GDP. Around 81 % of the annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites is spent on remediation measures, while only 15 % is spent on site investigations. It should be noted that all results derive from data provided by 27 (out of 39) countries that returned the questionnaire, and not all countries answered all questions.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Land take Land take by the expansion of residential areas and construction sites is the main cause of the increase in the coverage of urban land at the European level. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas, are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats, the living space of a number of species, and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them. The annual land take in European countries assessed by 2006 Corine land cover project (EEA39 except Greece) was approximately 108 000 ha/year in 2000-2006. In 21 countries covered by both periods (1990-2000 and 2000-2006) the annual land take decreased by 9 % in the later period. The composition of land taken areas changed, too. More arable land and permanent crops and less pastures and mosaic farmland were taken by artificial development then in 1990-2000. Identified trends are expected to change little when next assessment for 2006-2012 becomes available in 2014.
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Archived
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Indicator Assessment
Archived
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