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Tlo

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Page Zadnja izmjena 2023-03-15
3 min read
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O tlu ovisi 90 % sveukupne proizvodnje hrane, stočne hrane, vlakana i energenata. Dodatno, tlo pruža sirovine za razne djelatnosti, od hortikulture do građevinskog sektora. Tlo je nužno i za zdravlje ekosustava: pročišćava i regulira vodu, pokretač je ciklusa hranjivih tvari i spremnik za gene i vrste, čime podržava bioraznolikost. Globalni je spremnik ugljika i igra važnu ulogu u potencijalnom usporavanju klimatskih promjena i njihovih utjecaja. Osim toga, s obzirom da čuva tragove naše prošlosti, važan je element naše kulturne baštine.

Međutim, tlo je i predmet neprestanih, često proturječnih zahtjeva našeg društva. Stoga je sposobnost tla da pruža usluge ekosustava – u pogledu proizvodnje hrane, u ulozi akumulatora bioraznolikosti te regulatora plinova, vode i hranjivih tvari – stalno izložena pritisku. Zabilježene stope prekrivanja tla umjetnim površinama, erozije, smanjenja organskih tvari i kontaminacije smanjuju otpornost tla odnosno njegovu sposobnost apsorbiranja promjena kojima je izloženo.

U vremenskom okviru jednog ljudskog života možemo smatrati da je tlo neobnovljiv resurs. Kao društvo, tlom moramo održivo gospodariti kako bismo mogli uživati njegove dobrobiti. Unatoč brojnim djelatnostima koje u konačnici ovise o tlu, ne postoje posebni zakonski propisi EU-a o tlu. Za razliku od vode i zraka, zaštita tla spominje se neizravno ili u sklopu sektorskih politika: poljoprivrede i šumarstva, energetike, vode, klimatskih promjena, zaštite prirode, otpada i kemikalija. Nedostatak dosljedne politike o tlu na razini EU-a odražava se i u nedostatku usklađenih podataka o tlu.

Ipak, u posljednjih deset godina ostvaren je napredak u razvoju politika te se ulažu napori u usklađivanju podataka. Tematska strategija Europske komisije za zaštitu tla iz 2006. naglašava potrebu očuvanja funkcije tla kao ključnog elementa održivog razvoja. Na globalnoj razini, u Konvenciji Ujedinjenih naroda o borbi protiv dezertifikacije (UNCCD) problemima tla pristupa se u sklopu šireg koncepta degradacije tla (što je za sada ograničeno na sušna područja). Pojam očuvanja funkcija tla odnedavno je ugrađen u koncept svijeta bez degradacije zemljišta, u sklopu ciljeva održivog razvoja (SDG-ova) koji su usuglašeni na Općoj skupštini Ujedinjenih naroda 2015. SDG-ovi uključuju i ciljeve o kvaliteti tla, kontaminaciji tla, gospodarenju kemikalijama i otpadom. Provedba SDG-ova može biti važno sredstvo za mjere zaštite tla u Europi. U skladu s time, na svjetskoj i europskoj razini u tijeku su napori za usklađivanje i standardizaciju informacija o tlu namijenjenih za javnu uporabu.

EEA izrađuje procjene koje se temelje na pokazateljima o mnogim temama povezanima s uporabom zemljišta i tlom u okviru tematskog skupa pokazatelja uporabe zemljišta i tla (skup LSI). Skup LSI obuhvaća pokazatelje o prenamjeni zemljišta, nepropusnosti, gospodarenju kontaminiranim područjima, vlažnosti tla, eroziji tla i organskom ugljiku u tlu. U planu su pokazatelji o fragmentiranosti i obnovi zemljišta. Usluge praćenja kopna u sklopu sustava Copernicus omogućuju redovita ažuriranja nekoliko navedenih pokazatelja. Jednako tako, EEA objavljuje ad hoc procjene pojedinih tema povezanih s tlom kao što su učinkovitost tla kao resursa u urbaniziranim područjima ili opterećenje okoliša hranjivim tvarima i metalima u tlu.

Za potrebe ove teme, EEA surađuje s kolegama iz Europske komisije (posebice iz Zajedničkog istraživačkog centra (JRC) i GU za okoliš), s predstavnicima Eioneta iz Nacionalnog referentnog centra za tlo i uporabu zemljišta te prostorno planiranje, odnosno s drugim europskim mrežama i stručnjacima. Globalni partneri uključuju: Tajništvo UNCCD-a, Globalno partnerstvo za tlo, Globalnu inicijativu za pokazatelje o zemljištu (koju podupire UN-Habitat) i Program Ujedinjenih naroda za okoliš.

Mjerodavni europski tematski centri (ETC-ovi) pružaju podršku radu EEA-e u ovom tematskom području od 1996. ETC o urbanim i zemljišnim sustavima te sustavima tla (ETC/ULS), koji djeluje od 2014. godine, trenutno podržava rad EEA-e na temu tla. Aktivnosti povezane s podacima o tlu prenesene su 2007. godine u Europski podatkovni centar za tlo pri JRC-u .

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Indicator Assessment
Archived
Land take Land take as a result of the expansion of residential areas and construction sites is the main cause of the increase in urban land coverage in Europe. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them. Between 2006 and 2012, the annual land take in the European countries (EEA-39) assessed in the 2012 Corine land cover (CLC) project was approximately 107 000 ha/year. The figure for the 2000-2006 period was approximately 118 000 ha/year. In the 28 countries 1 covered by all three CLC assessment periods (1990-2000, 2000-2006 and 2006-2012), annual land take decreased by 10.5 % between 2000 and 2006, and by 13.5 % between 2006 and 2012. In absolute values, the annual land take in these 28 countries was 114 000 ha/year (1990-2000), 102 000 ha/year (2000-2006) and 98 500 ha/year (2006-2012). Between 2000 and 2006, more arable land and permanent crops were taken by artificial development than between 1990 and 2000, while fewer pastures and less mosaic farmland were taken over the same period. In fact, between 2006 and 2012, the types of land most taken for artificial development were arable land and permanent crops, followed by pastures and mixed agricultural areas.   1 The 28 countries covered by all three CLC assessment periods are AT, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, LV, ME, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, RS, SI, SK, TR and UK.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Imperviousness and imperviousness change Between 2006 and 2009, soil sealing, or imperviousness, increased in all EEA-39 countries by a total of 4 364 k m 2 . This corresponds to an annual average increase of 1 454 k m 2 , or 0.027 % of the total EEA-39 area. During this period, the rate of increase in soil sealing relative to country area varied from 0.001 % to 0.48 %. In 2009, the percentage of a countries' total area that was sealed also varied greatly, with values ranging from 0.15 % to 15.23 %. The highest sealing values, as a percentage of country area, occurred in small countries with high population densities, while the lowest sealing values could be found in large countries with low population densities. The most problematic situation occurs in countries where there is already a high percentage of sealing and where the annual rate of increase relative to country area is high.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Soil moisture Soil moisture content is already being affected by rising temperatures and changes in precipitation amounts, both of which are evidence of changes in climate. Since 1951, modelled soil moisture content significantly increased in parts of northern Europe and decreased in the Mediterranean region. Projections for 2021–2050 show a general change in summer soil moisture content over most of Europe, including significant decreases in the Mediterranean region and increases in the northeastern part of Europe. Maintaining water-retention capacity and porosity are important to reduce the impacts of intense rainfall and droughts, which are projected to become more frequent and severe. The modelled results are based on natural factors and disregard artificial drainage and irrigation practices.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Progress in management of contaminated sites Local soil contamination in 2011 was estimated at 2.5 million potentially contaminated sites in the EEA-39, of which about 45 % have been identified to date. About one third of an estimated total of 342 000 contaminated sites in the EEA-39 have already been identified and about 15 % of these 342 000 sites have been remediated. However, there are substantial differences in the underlying site definitions and interpretations that are used in different countries.   Four management steps are defined for the management and control of local soil contamination, namely site identification (or preliminary studies), preliminary investigations, main site investigations, and implementation of risk reduction measures. Progress with each of these steps provides evidence that countries are identifying potentially contaminated sites, verifying if these sites are actually contaminated and implementing remediation measures where these are required. Some countries have defined targets for the different steps.   Thirty of the 39 countries surveyed maintain comprehensive inventories for contaminated sites: 24 countries have central national data inventories, while six countries, namely Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, Greece, Italy and Sweden, manage their inventories at the regional level. Almost all of the inventories include information on polluting activities, potentially contaminated sites and contaminated sites.   Contaminated soil continues to be commonly managed using “traditional” techniques, e.g. excavation and off-site disposal, which accounts for about one third of management practices. In-situ and ex-situ remediation techniques for contaminated soil are applied more or less equally.   Overall, the production sectors contribute more to local soil contamination than the service sectors, while mining activities are important sources of soil contamination in some countries. In the production sector, metal industries are reported as most polluting whereas the textile, leather, wood and paper industries are minor contributors to local soil contamination. Gasoline stations are the most frequently reported sources of contamination for the service sector.   The relative importance of different contaminants is similar for both liquid and solid matrices. The most frequent contaminants are mineral oils and heavy metals. Generally, phenols and cyanides make a negligible overall contribution to total contamination.   On average, 42 % of the total expenditure on the management of contaminated sites comes from public budgets. Annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites are on average about EUR 10.7 per capita. This corresponds to an average of 0.041 % of the national GDP. Around 81 % of the annual national expenditures for the management of contaminated sites is spent on remediation measures, while only 15 % is spent on site investigations. It should be noted that all results derive from data provided by 27 (out of 39) countries that returned the questionnaire, and not all countries answered all questions.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Land take Land take by the expansion of residential areas and construction sites is the main cause of the increase in the coverage of urban land at the European level. Agricultural zones and, to a lesser extent, forests and semi-natural and natural areas, are disappearing in favour of the development of artificial surfaces. This affects biodiversity since it decreases habitats, the living space of a number of species, and fragments the landscapes that support and connect them. The annual land take in European countries assessed by 2006 Corine land cover project (EEA39 except Greece) was approximately 108 000 ha/year in 2000-2006. In 21 countries covered by both periods (1990-2000 and 2000-2006) the annual land take decreased by 9 % in the later period. The composition of land taken areas changed, too. More arable land and permanent crops and less pastures and mosaic farmland were taken by artificial development then in 1990-2000. Identified trends are expected to change little when next assessment for 2006-2012 becomes available in 2014.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Soil erosion 105 million ha., or 16 % of Europe’s total land area (excluding Russia) were estimated to be affected by water erosion in the 1990s. Some 42 million ha. of land were estimated to be affected by wind erosion, of which around 1 million ha. were categorised as being severely affected. A recent new model of soil erosion by water has estimated the surface area affected in the EU‐27 at 130 million ha. Almost 20 % is subjected to soil loss in excess of 10 tonnes/ha./year. Increased variations in rainfallpattern and intensity will make soils moresusceptible to water erosion, with off-site effects of soil erosion increasing. Increased aridity will make finer-textured soils more vulnerable to wind erosion, especially if accompanied by a decrease in soil organic matter levels. Reliable quantitative projections for soil erosion are not available.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Soil organic carbon Soil carbon stocks in the EU-27 are around 75 billion tonnes of carbon; around 50 % of which is located in Ireland, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (because of the large area of peatlands in these countries). The largest emissions of CO 2 from soils are due to conversion (drainage) of organic soils, and amount to 20–40 tonnes of CO 2 per hectare per year. The most effective option to manage soil carbon in order to mitigate climate change is to preserve existing stocks in soils, and especially the large stocks in peat and other soils with a high content of organic carbon. On average, soils in Europe are most likely to be accumulating carbon. Soils under grassland and forests are a carbon sink (estimated up to 80 million tonnes of carbon per year) whereas soils under arable land are a smaller carbon source (estimated from 10–40 million tonnes of carbon per year). The effects of climate change on soil organic carbon and soil respiration are complex, and depend on distinct climatic and biotic drivers. However, they lack rigorous supporting datasets. Climate change is expected to have an impact on soil carbon in the long term, but changes in the short term will more likely be driven by land management practices and land use change

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