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De EU-lidstaten moeten meer ambitie tonen om het gezamenlijke doel inzake hernieuwbare energie te halen

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Nieuws Gepubliceerd 07-03-2019 Laatst gewijzigd 08-03-2019
2 min read
Photo: © Tim Laws, WaterPIX /EEA
Sinds 2005 is het aandeel van hernieuwbare energiebronnen in de Europese Unie verdubbeld, maar deze groei is in de afgelopen jaren afgezwakt, vooral door het toenemende energieverbruik en door te weinig vooruitgang in de transportsector. Uit het recente rapport van het Europees Milieuagentschap (EEA) blijkt dat de EU-lidstaten zich meer moeten inspannen om het doel voor 2020 inzake hernieuwbare energie nog te halen.

Het EEA-rapport ‘Renewable energy in Europa - 2018’ schetst de voortgang bij de ontwikkeling van hernieuwbare energiebronnen in de EU en is gebaseerd op officiële gegevens van 2016 en voorlopige EEA-ramingen voor 2017.

Het rapport toont aan dat het aandeel van hernieuwbare energie in het uiteindelijke energieverbruik in de EU is toegenomen van 16,7% in 2015 tot 17,0% in 2016 en dat dit aandeel voor 2017 wordt geraamd op 17,4%. Hoewel de EU op koers blijft om haar doel van 20% hernieuwbare energie in het bruto-eindverbruik van energie in 2020 te halen, vertragen recente toenames in het eindverbruik van energie in enkele lidstaten het tempo in de hele EU.

Teneinde het doel in 2030 te bereiken moeten de EU-lidstaten het aandeel van hernieuwbare energiebronnen collectief tot minstens 32% van het bruto-eindverbruik verhogen. Momenteel loopt het gebruik van hernieuwbare energie door de individuele lidstaten sterk uiteen: van meer dan 30% van het bruto-eindverbruik in Oostenrijk, Denemarken, Finland, Letland en Zweden tot minder dan 9% in België, Luxemburg, Malta en Nederland, blijkt uit het EEA-verslag.

Overige belangrijke bevindingen

In 2017 bleek 85% van alle nieuwe stroomcapaciteit in de EU afkomstig van hernieuwbare bronnen. Drie kwart daarvan kwam voor rekening van windkracht en zonne-energie. Een derde van alle stroomverbruik in de EU in 2016 en 2017 kwam van hernieuwbare bronnen.

Hernieuwbare energie in de EU wordt vooral gebruikt voor verwarming en koeling, met een marktaandeel van 19% in 2016 en 2017. De transportsector hinkt ver achteraan met slechts 7% aandeel van hernieuwbare energie in diezelfde periode. In het vervoer komt de meeste hernieuwbare energie van biobrandstoffen. Alleen gecertificeerde biobrandstoffen die voldoen aan de duurzaamheidscriteria van de richtlijn hernieuwbare energie kunnen voor deze doelstellingen worden meegeteld.

Volgens het rapport is de EU nog altjid de wereldleider in hernieuwbare stroomcapaciteit per hoofd van de bevolking, maar China investeert nu meer in nieuwe capaciteit. Het percentage banen in deze sector stijgt sneller in Brazilië en China dan in de EU.

Dankzij het toenemende gebruik van hernieuwbare energie kon de EU haar vraag naar fossiele brandstoffen en de daarmee gepaard gaande uitstoot van broeikasgassen verminderen. Volgens de analyse van het EEA zou de totale emissie van broeikasgassen in 2016 ongeveer 9%, en in 2017 10% hoger zijn geweest, als het toenemende gebruik van hernieuwbare energiebronnen sinds 2005 niet 11% van het bruto binnenlandse verbruik van fossiele brandstoffen in deze periode had vervangen.

Het rapport ‘Renewable energy in Europe’ vormt een aanvulling van de jaarlijkse beoordeling door de EEA van de vooruitgang met betrekking tot de klimaat- en energiedoelen van de EU in de publicatie Trends and projections in Europe 2018(tendenzen en prognoses in Europa 2018).

Gerelateerde inhoud

Gebaseerd op data

Data Estimated effects of increased RES consumption since 2005 on fossil fuels and GHG emissions Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources commits the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport energy consumption by the same year. Article 22 of the directive requires Member States to report on national progress in the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources, biennially, starting with 31 December 2011. It specifies that the national reports shall contain, inter alia, the estimated net GHG emission savings due to the use of energy from renewable sources. Information regarding the specific methodologies used by the countries for producing the above estimates of net GHG emission savings is not always available. To that end, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a consistent set of estimated co-benefits, at the Member State and EU level, concerning the impact on fossil fuels and GHG emissions due to the increase in RES consumption since 2005. For 2017, these estimated co-benefits are based on the EEA 2017 RES share proxies and the EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption.
Data Approximated estimates for the share of gross final consumption of renewable energy sources in 2017 (EEA 2017 RES share proxies) Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources commits the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport energy consumption by the same year. Since early access to the most recent information on the growth of RES is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the RES shares achieved by the countries and the EU as a whole in the previous year. The current data set concerns the EEA 2017 RES share proxies. The cut-off date for most data sources incorporated in the calculation of the approximated 2017 RES shares was 31 July 2018.
Data Approximated estimates for the primary and final consumption of energy in 2017 (EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption) The Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED) establishes a common framework for the promotion of energy efficiency within the Union in order to ensure the achievement of the Union’s 2020 20 % headline target on energy efficiency and to pave the way for further energy efficiency improvements beyond that date. It also calls on Member States to set their own indicative national energy efficiency targets, which can be based on primary or final energy consumption, primary or final energy savings, or energy intensity. Since early access to the most recent information on energy consumption is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the consumption of primary and final energy in the previous year, across the EU as a whole and in each Member State. The current data set concerns the EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption.

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Gerelateerde indicatoren

Indicator Assessment
Archived
Overview of electricity production and use in Europe In 2016,  low-carbon energy sources (i.e. renewables and nuclear energy) continued to dominate the electricity mix for the second year in a row, together generating more power than fossil fuel sources. Fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas and oil) were responsible for 43 % of all gross electricity generation in 2016, a decrease of 11 percentage points across the EU compared with 2005 (54 %). By way of contrast, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources has grown rapidly since 2005, but the pace of growth has slowed down after 2014. In 2016, renewable electricity reached almost one third (29 %) of all gross electricity generation in the EU. This is twice as much as in 2005. As such, renewable sources generated more electricity in 2016 than nuclear sources or coal and lignite. Nuclear energy sources contributed roughly one quarter (26 %) of all gross electricity generation in 2016. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable fuels, together with improved transformation efficiencies in electricity generation, led to an average annual 2.6 % decrease in CO 2 emissions per kWh between 2005 and 2016. Final electricity consumption (the total consumption of electricity by all end-use sectors plus electricity imports and minus exports) in the EU increased by one percent in 2016 compared with 2015, reaching the same level as in 2005. The sharpest growth was observed in the services sector (1.2 % per year) and the sharpest decline in industry (-1.0 % per year). With regards to the non-EU EEA countries,  between 2005 and 2016, electricity generation increased by an average of 4.9 % per  year in Turkey, 7.1 % per year  in Iceland and 0.7 % per year in Norway.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Energy intensity Between 1990 and 2016, the EU's energy intensity, i.e. the ratio between its  gross inland energy consumption and its gross domestic product (GDP),  decreased by 36 %.  This decrease was continuous during the entire period, with an average annual decrease of 1.7 % per year. The 1990-2005 period is characterised by relatively high economic growth and more moderate growth in gross inland energy consumption. In contrast, the 2005-2014 period is characterised by lower economic growth and decreasing gross inland energy consumption. Gross inland consumption of energy started to increase again after 2014, marking a slow-down in energy intensity improvements. In all member countries of the European Environment Agency (EEA), energy intensity decreased between 2005 and 2016. The largest decreases were observed in central and eastern European countries (e.g. Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia) because of changes in their economic structure, and in Malta.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe The share of renewable energy in gross final energy use in the EU has almost doubled since 2005. It reached 17.0 % in 2016 and is expected to have reached 17.4 % in 2017, according to the early estimates from the European Environment Agency (EEA) . These levels are higher than those from the indicative EU trajectory for these years set by the Renewable Energy Directive .  The increase in the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has slowed down in recent years. An increasing energy consumption and lack of progress in the transport sector imperil the achievement of both 2020 targets on renewable energy and energy efficiency at EU level. In 2017, according to the EEA's early estimates:  progress towards national targets deteriorated across the EU, with 20 Member States (all but Cyprus, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom) meeting or exceeding their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive, compared with 25 Member States on target in 2016. In addition, only 16 Member States (all except Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) reached or exceeded the trajectories set in their own National Renewable Energy Action Plans, compared with 19 in 2016; 11 countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania and Sweden) had already managed to achieve their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020, as set under the Renewable Energy Directive; renewable energy accounted for 30.6 % of gross final electricity consumption, 19.3 % of energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 7.2 % of transport fuel consumption in the whole EU.

Verwante publicaties

Uitgave Renewable energy in Europe 2018 - recent growth and knock-on effects This report introduces several methods the European Environment Agency (EEA) has developed for assessing and communicating early RES growth and the important knock-on effects that RES growth has on the energy sector and related areas. The report provides specific information at EU and country level on estimated RES progress in 2013, estimated gross avoided carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and avoided fossil fuel use due to the additional use of renewable energy since 2005, as well as an assessment of the statistical impacts of growing RES use on primary energy consumption.
Uitgave Trends and projections in Europe 2018 - Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets This report is part of the ‘Trends and Projections in Europe: 2018: Tracking progress towards Europe’s climate and energy targets,’ package. It is based on the most recent reported and approximated data from EU Member States on greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy uptake and energy consumption.

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