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Los Estados miembros de la UE necesitan más ambición para alcanzar un objetivo común en materia de energías renovables

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Noticias Publicado 18/12/2018 Última modificación 08/03/2019
3 min read
Photo: © Tim Laws, WaterPIX /EEA
La proporción de las fuentes de energía renovables en el consumo energético de la Unión Europea se ha duplicado desde 2005, pero este crecimiento se ha ralentizado en los últimos años, debido especialmente al aumento del consumo de energía y a que no ha habido mejoras en el sector del transporte. El nuevo informe de la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (AEMA) muestra que los Estados miembros de la UE deben incrementar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar el objetivo de 2020 relativo a las energías renovables.

El informe de la AEMA «Renewable energy in Europe — 2018» (Energías renovables en Europa — 2018) describe los avances en el despliegue de fuentes de energía renovables en la UE, en base a los datos oficiales de 2016 y de las cálculos preliminares hechos por la AEMA para 2017.

El informe muestra que la proporción de energías renovables en relación al consumo final de la energía en la UE aumentó del 16,7 % en 2015 al 17,0 % en 2016 y a un 17,4 % en 2017, según los cálculos efectuados. Si bien la UE sigue por el buen camino para alcanzar su objetivo de que en 2020 un 20 % del consumo final bruto de energía proceda de fuentes renovables, los recientes aumentos del consumo final de energía en algunos Estados miembros están ralentizando el ritmo de crecimiento de la proporción de energías renovables en la UE.

Para alcanzar el objetivo de 2030, los Estados miembros de la UE deben aumentar colectivamente la proporción de energías renovables hasta alcanzar al menos el 32 % del consumo final bruto de energía. Según el informe de la AEMA, en la actualidad, el uso de las energías renovables por parte de los distintos Estados miembros varía mucho, desde más del 30 % del consumo final bruto de energía en Austria, Dinamarca, Finlandia, Letonia y Suecia hasta situarse por debajo del 9 % en Bélgica, Luxemburgo, Malta y los Países Bajos.

Otras conclusiones importantes

En 2017, el 85 % de toda la capacidad de energía de nueva instalación en la UE era de origen renovable, y de ella, la energía eólica y la solar fotovoltaica representaban tres cuartas partes de la nueva capacidad de producción de energía renovable. Un tercio de toda la electricidad consumida en la UE en 2016 y en 2017 procedía de fuentes renovables.

La calefacción y la refrigeración siguen siendo el sector dominante del mercado de la energía renovable en la UE, con aproximadamente un 19 % de cuota de energías renovables en 2016 y 2017. El sector del transporte se queda atrás, con solo un 7 % de uso de energías renovables en los mismos años. La mayor parte de la energía renovable utilizada para el transporte procede de biocarburantes. Solo los biocarburantes certificados para cumplir los criterios de sostenibilidad de la Directiva sobre energías renovables pueden contabilizarse a efectos de la consecución de estos objetivos.

Según el informe, la UE sigue siendo el líder mundial en capacidad de electricidad renovable per cápita, pero China está invirtiendo más en nueva capacidad. La proporción de puestos de trabajo relacionados con las energías renovables en la mano de obra también está aumentando más rápidamente en Brasil y China que en la UE.

El creciente uso de energías renovables ha permitido a la UE reducir su demanda de combustibles fósiles y sus correspondientes emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Según el análisis de la AEMA, las emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero de la UE habrían sido aproximadamente un 9 % más elevadas en 2016 y un 10 % más elevadas en 2017 si el aumento del uso de energías renovables desde 2005 no hubiera sustituido al 11 % del consumo interior bruto de combustibles fósiles de la UE durante este periodo.

Los informes «Renewable energy in Europe» (Energías renovables en Europa) complementan la evaluación anual de la AEMA sobre los avances hacia los objetivos de la UE en materia de clima y energía en la publicación «Trends and projections in Europe 2018» (Tendencias y perspectivas en Europa 2018).

Contenido relacionado

Basado en datos

Data Estimated effects of increased RES consumption since 2005 on fossil fuels and GHG emissions Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources commits the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport energy consumption by the same year. Article 22 of the directive requires Member States to report on national progress in the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources, biennially, starting with 31 December 2011. It specifies that the national reports shall contain, inter alia, the estimated net GHG emission savings due to the use of energy from renewable sources. Information regarding the specific methodologies used by the countries for producing the above estimates of net GHG emission savings is not always available. To that end, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a consistent set of estimated co-benefits, at the Member State and EU level, concerning the impact on fossil fuels and GHG emissions due to the increase in RES consumption since 2005. For 2017, these estimated co-benefits are based on the EEA 2017 RES share proxies and the EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption.
Data Approximated estimates for the share of gross final consumption of renewable energy sources in 2017 (EEA 2017 RES share proxies) Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion and use of energy from renewable sources commits the EU to achieving a 20 % share of renewable energy sources (RES) in its gross final energy consumption by 2020 and a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport energy consumption by the same year. Since early access to the most recent information on the growth of RES is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the RES shares achieved by the countries and the EU as a whole in the previous year. The current data set concerns the EEA 2017 RES share proxies. The cut-off date for most data sources incorporated in the calculation of the approximated 2017 RES shares was 31 July 2018.
Data Approximated estimates for the primary and final consumption of energy in 2017 (EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption) The Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED) establishes a common framework for the promotion of energy efficiency within the Union in order to ensure the achievement of the Union’s 2020 20 % headline target on energy efficiency and to pave the way for further energy efficiency improvements beyond that date. It also calls on Member States to set their own indicative national energy efficiency targets, which can be based on primary or final energy consumption, primary or final energy savings, or energy intensity. Since early access to the most recent information on energy consumption is relevant for all stakeholders, the EEA and its European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) produce each year a set of early estimates concerning the consumption of primary and final energy in the previous year, across the EU as a whole and in each Member State. The current data set concerns the EEA 2017 proxies on primary and final energy consumption.

Noticias y artículos

Article Una economía sostenible y una sociedad equitativa requieren un medio ambiente sano Nuestro planeta afronta retos sin precedentes en relación con el medio ambiente y el clima que conjuntamente constituyen una amenaza para nuestro bienestar. Pero aún no es demasiado tarde para tomar medidas decisivas. Puede antojarse una tarea abrumadora, pero todavía tenemos la posibilidad de invertir ciertas tendencias negativas, adaptarnos para mitigar los daños, recuperar ecosistemas esenciales y proteger con más firmeza lo que aún nos queda. Para conseguir la sostenibilidad a largo plazo, hemos de abordar el medio ambiente, el clima, la economía y la sociedad como partes inseparables de una misma entidad.
Noticias El aumento del consumo de energía frena los avances de la UE en materia de energía renovable y los objetivos de eficiencia energética Los avances en el aumento del uso de energías renovables y la mejora de la eficiencia energética se están frenando en toda la Unión Europea, poniendo en peligro la capacidad de la UE para lograr sus objetivos de reducción de emisiones y del consumo de energía. Este freno se debe al aumento del consumo de energía, especialmente en el sector del transporte, según datos preliminares publicados hoy en el análisis anual de la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (AEMA) sobre los avances de la UE con respecto a sus objetivos en materia de energías renovables y eficiencia energética.

Indicadores relacionados

Indicator Assessment
Archived
Overview of electricity production and use in Europe In 2016,  low-carbon energy sources (i.e. renewables and nuclear energy) continued to dominate the electricity mix for the second year in a row, together generating more power than fossil fuel sources. Fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas and oil) were responsible for 43 % of all gross electricity generation in 2016, a decrease of 11 percentage points across the EU compared with 2005 (54 %). By way of contrast, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources has grown rapidly since 2005, but the pace of growth has slowed down after 2014. In 2016, renewable electricity reached almost one third (29 %) of all gross electricity generation in the EU. This is twice as much as in 2005. As such, renewable sources generated more electricity in 2016 than nuclear sources or coal and lignite. Nuclear energy sources contributed roughly one quarter (26 %) of all gross electricity generation in 2016. The transition from fossil fuels to renewable fuels, together with improved transformation efficiencies in electricity generation, led to an average annual 2.6 % decrease in CO 2 emissions per kWh between 2005 and 2016. Final electricity consumption (the total consumption of electricity by all end-use sectors plus electricity imports and minus exports) in the EU increased by one percent in 2016 compared with 2015, reaching the same level as in 2005. The sharpest growth was observed in the services sector (1.2 % per year) and the sharpest decline in industry (-1.0 % per year). With regards to the non-EU EEA countries,  between 2005 and 2016, electricity generation increased by an average of 4.9 % per  year in Turkey, 7.1 % per year  in Iceland and 0.7 % per year in Norway.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Energy intensity Between 1990 and 2016, the EU's energy intensity, i.e. the ratio between its  gross inland energy consumption and its gross domestic product (GDP),  decreased by 36 %.  This decrease was continuous during the entire period, with an average annual decrease of 1.7 % per year. The 1990-2005 period is characterised by relatively high economic growth and more moderate growth in gross inland energy consumption. In contrast, the 2005-2014 period is characterised by lower economic growth and decreasing gross inland energy consumption. Gross inland consumption of energy started to increase again after 2014, marking a slow-down in energy intensity improvements. In all member countries of the European Environment Agency (EEA), energy intensity decreased between 2005 and 2016. The largest decreases were observed in central and eastern European countries (e.g. Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia) because of changes in their economic structure, and in Malta.
Indicator Assessment
Archived
Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe The share of renewable energy in gross final energy use in the EU has almost doubled since 2005. It reached 17.0 % in 2016 and is expected to have reached 17.4 % in 2017, according to the early estimates from the European Environment Agency (EEA) . These levels are higher than those from the indicative EU trajectory for these years set by the Renewable Energy Directive .  The increase in the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has slowed down in recent years. An increasing energy consumption and lack of progress in the transport sector imperil the achievement of both 2020 targets on renewable energy and energy efficiency at EU level. In 2017, according to the EEA's early estimates:  progress towards national targets deteriorated across the EU, with 20 Member States (all but Cyprus, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom) meeting or exceeding their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive, compared with 25 Member States on target in 2016. In addition, only 16 Member States (all except Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) reached or exceeded the trajectories set in their own National Renewable Energy Action Plans, compared with 19 in 2016; 11 countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania and Sweden) had already managed to achieve their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020, as set under the Renewable Energy Directive; renewable energy accounted for 30.6 % of gross final electricity consumption, 19.3 % of energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 7.2 % of transport fuel consumption in the whole EU.

Publicaciones relacionadas

Publicación Renewable energy in Europe 2018 - recent growth and knock-on effects This report introduces several methods the European Environment Agency (EEA) has developed for assessing and communicating early RES growth and the important knock-on effects that RES growth has on the energy sector and related areas. The report provides specific information at EU and country level on estimated RES progress in 2013, estimated gross avoided carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and avoided fossil fuel use due to the additional use of renewable energy since 2005, as well as an assessment of the statistical impacts of growing RES use on primary energy consumption.
Publicación Trends and projections in Europe 2018 - Tracking progress towards Europe's climate and energy targets This report is part of the ‘Trends and Projections in Europe: 2018: Tracking progress towards Europe’s climate and energy targets,’ package. It is based on the most recent reported and approximated data from EU Member States on greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy uptake and energy consumption.

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