Eutrophication remains a major problem for Europe’s seas despite some progress

The EEA assessment ‘Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in Europe’s seas’ explores whether Europe has been able to reverse eutrophication trends in its regional seas. The assessment is based on publicly available monitoring data, primarily collected in the context of the Water Framework Directive, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Regional Sea Conventions.

The EEA report shows that 2 400 000 km² of Europe’s seas have been mapped for eutrophication. However, the coverage of the assessed area varies significantly among regional seas with 99 % coverage in the Baltic Sea, 27 % in the North-East Atlantic, 9 % in the Black sea, and only 4 % in the Mediterranean Sea.

According to the EEA assessment, about 563 000 km² (or 23 %) of these areas have a eutrophication problem, including areas in all regional seas. The situation is worst in the Baltic Sea where 99 % of the assessed areas suffer from eutrophication, followed by the Black Sea’s 53 %. Based on the assessments, eutrophication is also present in parts of the North-East Atlantic (7%) and in some coastal areas in the Mediterranean Sea (12 %), mainly close to densely populated coasts or catchments that are downstream from agricultural activities.

Map 2.4 Eutrophication status of Europe’s regional seas

Overall, Europe’s regional seas are slowly recovering from eutrophication, mainly due to efforts to reduce nutrient inputs over the past decades. Reducing nutrient inputs is embedded in several EU policies but these targets remain unlikely to be met within the agreed time frame for all of Europe's seas.

The EEA assessment states that to achieve the policy vision of a healthy marine environment in all Europe's regional seas, further reduction of nutrient inputs is needed in the most sensitive areas, together with consideration of the effects of climate change.