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Figure

Decadal average sea surface temperature anomaly in different European seas (1870 to 2018)

Figure Created 30 May 2021 Published 29 Jun 2021 Last modified 14 Dec 2021
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This page was archived on 14 Dec 2021 with reason: Other (New version data-and-maps/figures/decadal-average-sea-surface-temperature-3 was published)
The figure shows global and regionally averaged sea surface temperatures anomalies relative to a 1981-2010 baseline. The solid lines show satellite-based series, combining SST CCI (Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative) Analysis data (to 2016) with the OSTIA (Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis) near real-time updated data (to 2018). The shaded area in each plot indicates the upper and lower uncertainty range of the long-term evolution of the regional averages based on three global data sets (HadSST.4.0.0.0, ERSSTv5 and HadISST).

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information.png Units:

°C

information.png Rights:
EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (https://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Met Office Hadley Centre observations datasets.
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Met Office Hadley Centre observations datasets
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European Environment Agency (EEA)
information.png Figure type:
Graph

Additional information

Time series of sea surface temperature anomalies (°C), referenced to the average temperature between 1981 and 2010, in each of the European seas and in the Global Ocean.


Data sources: SST datasets from the Met Office (HadISST1, HadSST.4.0.0.0 and OSTIA), the US National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (ERSSTv5), ESA SST CCI analysis version 2.1.

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Based on data

External Data Spec NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5 The NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) dataset is a global monthly sea surface temperature dataset derived from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS). It is produced on a 2 x 2 degree grid with spatial completeness enhanced using statistical methods. This monthly analysis begins in January 1854 continuing to the present and includes anomalies computed with respect to a 1971-2000 monthly climatology. Version 5 (v5) is the newest version of ERSST. Major revisions for v5 include: 1) using unadjusted first-guess instead of adjusted first-guess in QC, 2) using latest International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) Release 3.0 (R3.0) over 1854-2015 instead of R2.5 over 1854-2007, 3) using Argo temperature above 5 meter depth that has not been used in previous version ERSST and other SST analysis, 4) using latest UK Met Office HadISST2 ice concentration over 1870-2015 instead of HadISST1 ice concentration over 1870-2010, 5) removing damping in high latitudes north of 60 degrees North and south of 50 degrees South in Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection (EOT) Functions, 6) adding 10 more EOT modes in the Arctic, 7) reducing spatial filtering in training EOTs, and 8) revising ship SST bias correction relative to nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) to the one relative to buoy SST observations. Other features remain same as in the previous ERSST version 4. The data are written to monthly netCDF files following CF Metadata Conventions.
External Data Spec ESA SST CCI: Level 4 Analysis Climate Data Record This v2.1 SST_cci Level 4 Analysis Climate Data Record (CDR) provides a globally-complete daily analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) on a 0.05 degree regular latitude - longitude grid. It combines data from both the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR ) and Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) SST_cci Climate Data Records, using a data assimilation method to provide SSTs where there were no measurements. These data cover the period between 09/1981 and 12/2016. The dataset has been produced as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project(ESA SST_cci). The data products from SST_cci accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.
External Data Spec HadSST.4.0.1.0 The Met Office Hadley Centre's sea surface temperature data set, HadSST.4.0.1.0, is a monthly global field of SST on a 5° latitude by 5° longitude grid from 1850 to date. The data have been adjusted to minimise the effects of changes in instrumentation throughout the record. The data set is presented as a set of interchangeable realisations that capture the temporal and spatial characteristics of the estimated uncertainties in the biases. In addition there are files providing the measurement and sampling uncertainties which must be used in addition to the ensemble to obtain a comprehensive estimate of the uncertainty. The data are not interpolated. The data set initially runs from 1850 to presnet with regular monthly updates.
External Data Spec Global Ocean OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis Global Ocean OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Reanalysis - SST_GLO_SST_L4_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_010_001_a (provided by CMEMS)
External Data Spec HadISST - Global sea ice and Sea Surface Temperature analyses Global SST fields were created using a variety of techniques including Reduced Space Optimal Interpolation (RSOI). Sea ice concentration fields from different sources were analysed to make them as consistent as possible through time. Some care should be taken when using the sea-ice concentration data, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere where there is no realistic interannual variability in sea ice prior to 1973. The HadISST1 data set has been shown to be an improvement upon (and has superseded) the GISST data set.

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For references, please go to https://eea.europa.eu./data-and-maps/figures/decadal-average-sea-surface-temperature-2 or scan the QR code.

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