Air pollution quick country facts

According to latest EEA estimates, at least 239,000 deaths in the EU in 2022 were attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) pollution above the WHO recommended concentration of 5 µg/m³. 70,000 deaths are attributable to exposure to ozone (O₃) pollution and 48,000 deaths to exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) pollution. These attributable deaths could have been avoided by meeting the WHO’s guideline values in 2022. Key information for each country is included here, including information on national level health and ecosystem impacts.

EEA member countries

Austria

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 60% between 2005 and 2022 (from 133 to 53, respectively), resulting in 3,300 (95% CI: 2,500-3,700) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 5% loss of wheat yield and a 6.59% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 17 million euros for wheat and 10 million euros for potatoes.

Belgium

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 61% between 2005 and 2022 (from 138 to 54, respectively), resulting in 4,100 (95% CI: 3,200-4,600) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 7.27% loss of wheat yield and a 6.96% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 29 million euros for wheat and around 56 million euros for potatoes.

Bulgaria

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 53% between 2005 and 2022 (from 382 to 180, respectively), resulting in 9,000 (95% CI: 6,900-10,000) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.98% loss of wheat yield and a 4.22% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 26 million euros for wheat and 1.6 million euros for potatoes.

Croatia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 40% between 2005 and 2022 (from 235 to 141, respectively), resulting in 3,800 (95% CI: 2,900-4,200) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.49% loss of wheat yield and a 4.96% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 2.9 million euros for wheat and 1.1 million euros for potatoes.

Cyprus

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 56% between 2005 and 2022 (from 196 to 86, respectively), resulting in 690 (95% CI: 530-770) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 2.19% loss of wheat yield and a 0.34% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 57 thousand euros for wheat and 64 thousand euros for potatoes.

Czechia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 54% between 2005 and 2022 (from 203 to 94, respectively), resulting in 6,900 (95% CI: 5,300-7,700) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 6.61% loss of wheat yield and a 9.98% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 73 million euros for wheat and 15 million euros for potatoes.

Denmark

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 64% between 2005 and 2022 (from 86 to 31, respectively), resulting in 1,200 (95% CI: 910-1,300) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 3.92% loss of wheat yield and a 2.13% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 34 million euros for wheat and 12 million euros for potatoes.

Estonia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 90% between 2005 and 2022 (from 90 to 9, respectively), resulting in 90 (95% CI: 70-100) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.39% loss of wheat yield and a 1.95% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 2.4 million euros for wheat and 305 thousand euros for potatoes.

Finland

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 97% between 2005 and 2022 (from 37 to 1, respectively), resulting in 70 (95% CI: 50-80) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 2.27% loss of wheat yield and a 0.83% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 4 million euros for wheat and 1 million euros for potatoes.

France

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 53% between 2005 and 2022 (from 102 to 48, respectively), resulting in 20,700 (95% CI: 15,700-23,100) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 6.86% loss of wheat yield and a 7.10% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 490 million euros for wheat and 130 million euros for potatoes.

Germany

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 53% between 2005 and 2022 (from 118 to 55, respectively), resulting in 32,600 (95% CI: 24,800-36,500) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 5.76% loss of wheat yield and a 8.03% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 273 million euros for wheat and 197 million euros for potatoes.

Greece

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 34% between 2005 and 2022 (from 217 to 144, respectively), resulting in 10,700 (95% CI: 8,200-12,000) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 4.23% loss of wheat yield and a 2.04% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 2.3 million euros for wheat and 1.7 million euros for potatoes.

Hungary

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 55% between 2005 and 2022 (from 283 to 128, respectively), resulting in 8,600 (95% CI: 6,500-9,600) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 2.55% loss of wheat yield and a 4.79% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 22 million euros for wheat and 2.1 million euros for potatoes.

Iceland

Ireland

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 43% between 2005 and 2022 (from 28 to 16, respectively), resulting in 530 (95% CI: 400-590) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.04% loss of wheat yield and a 0.67% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 1.5 million euros for wheat and 522 thousand euros for potatoes.

Italy

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 37% between 2005 and 2022 (from 180 to 113, respectively), resulting in 48,600 (95% CI: 37,200-54,100) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 5.98% loss of wheat yield and a 4.47% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 36 million euros for wheat and around 13 million euros for potatoes.

Latvia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 66% between 2005 and 2022 (from 186 to 63, respectively), resulting in 820 (95% CI: 630-920) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.07% loss of wheat yield and a 1.73% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 5.5 million euros for wheat and around 485 thousand euros for potatoes.

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 52% between 2005 and 2022 (from 155 to 75, respectively), resulting in 1,500 (95% CI: 1,100-1,600) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.63% loss of wheat yield and a 2.47% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 15 million euros for wheat and 1.2 million euros for potatoes.

Luxembourg

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 81% between 2005 and 2022 (from 89 to 17, respectively), resulting in 80 (95% CI: 60-80) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 4.28% loss of wheat yield and a 7.02% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 756 thousand euros for wheat and 233 thousand euros for potatoes.

Malta

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 67% between 2005 and 2022 (from 144 to 48, respectively), resulting in 170 (95% CI: 130-190) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.08% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 16 thousand euros for potatoes.

Netherlands

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 61% between 2005 and 2022 (from 115 to 45, respectively), resulting in 5,300 (95% CI: 4,000-5,900) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 5.20% loss of wheat yield and a 6.05% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 13 million euros for wheat and around 94 million euros for potatoes.

Norway

Poland

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 27% between 2005 and 2022 (from 187 to 136, respectively), resulting in 34,700 (95% CI: 26,600-38,700) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 3.40% loss of wheat yield and a 5.63% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 93 million euros for wheat and 76 million euros for potatoes.

Portugal

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 64% between 2005 and 2022 (from 143 to 51, respectively), resulting in 3,600 (95% CI: 2,800-4,100) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 5.05% loss of wheat yield and a 3.57% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 520 thousand euros for wheat and 2.2 million euros for potatoes.

Romania

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 59% between 2005 and 2022 (from 333 to 138, respectively), resulting in 17,900 (95% CI: 13,700-20,000) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.19% loss of wheat yield and a 5.40% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 21 million euros for wheat and 16 million euros for potatoes.

Slovakia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 53% between 2005 and 2022 (from 214 to 100, respectively), resulting in 3,700 (95% CI: 2,800-4,100) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.40% loss of wheat yield and a 5.18% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 5 million euros for wheat and 1.5 million euros for potatoes.

Slovenia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 45% between 2005 and 2022 (from 157 to 86, respectively), resulting in 1,300 (95% CI: 980-1,400) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated a 8.90% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 1.2 million euros for potatoes.

Spain

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 54% between 2005 and 2022 (from 127 to 58, respectively), resulting in 18,500 (95% CI: 14,100-20,700) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 6.38% loss of wheat yield and a 2.95% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 79 million euros for wheat and 11 million euros for potatoes.

Sweden

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 88% between 2005 and 2022 (from 59 to 7, respectively), resulting in 480 (95% CI: 360-530) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.99% loss of wheat yield and a 1.47% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 13 million euros for wheat and 2.7 million euros for potatoes.

Switzerland

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 68% between 2005 and 2022 (from 96 to 31, respectively), resulting in 1,900 (95% CI: 1,400-2,100) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 4.13% loss of wheat yield and a 5.77% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 4.2 million euros for wheat and 5 million euros for potatoes.

Türkiye

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 6% between 2016 and 2022 (from 32 to 30, respectively), resulting in 13,900 (95% CI: 7,100-26,900) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.8% loss of wheat yield and a 1.34% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 61 million euros for wheat and 15 million euros for potatoes.

Cooperating countries and others

Albania

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 54% between 2005 and 2022 (from 437 to 200, respectively), resulting in 3,500 (95% CI: 2,600-3,900) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 5.38% loss of wheat yield and a 3.97% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 2.6 million euros for wheat and 2.3 million euros for potatoes.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 17% between 2005 and 2022 (from 312 to 258, respectively), resulting in 6,200 (95% CI: 4,800-6,900) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.95% loss of wheat yield and a 3.44% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 900 thousand euros for wheat and 2.2 million euros for potatoes.

Kosovo under UNSCR 1244/99

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 33% between 2005 and 2022 (from 380 to 254, respectively), resulting in 2,400 (95% CI: 1,800-2,600) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.83% loss of wheat yield and a 4.01% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 1.2 million euros for wheat and 665 thousand euros for potatoes.

Montenegro

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 38% between 2005 and 2022 (from 294 to 182, respectively), resulting in 710 (95% CI: 550-790) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.37% loss of wheat yield and a 3.09% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 6 thousand euros for wheat and 156 thousand euros for potatoes.

North Macedonia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 45% between 2005 and 2022 (from 551 to 303, respectively), resulting in 3,600 (95% CI: 2,800-4,000) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 0.83% loss of wheat yield and a 2.34% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 378 thousand euros for wheat and around 1 million euros for potatoes.

Serbia

the rate of the deaths attributable to long-term exposure to fine particles (number of premature deaths attributable per 100 000 inhabitants over 30 years) is estimated to have been reduced by 40% between 2005 and 2022 (from 383 to 228, respectively), resulting in 10,800 (8,300-12,000) attributable deaths in 2022.
the crop yield losses due to ozone exposure at national level in 2022 were estimated at a 1.10% loss of wheat yield and a 3.97% loss of potato yield. This represents an economic loss of approximately 7 million euros for wheat and 4.6 million euros for potatoes.

Andorra

Monaco

San Marino