Total and sectoral energy-related emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors, EU-25 (weighted by tropospheric ozone formation potential, ktonnes)

The TOFP factors are: NOx 1.22, NMVOC 1, CO 0.11 and CH4 0.014 (de Leeuw 2002). Results are expressed in NMVOC equivalents (ktonnes). Data not available for Malta (CO, NMVOC and NOx), or Cyprus (CH4). The energy supply sector includes public electricity and heat production (power plants), oil refining, production of solid fuels and fugitive emissions from fuels. The transport sector includes emissions from road and off-road sources (e.g. railways and vehicles used for agriculture and forestry). Industry (energy) relates to emissions from combustion processes used in the manufacturing industry including boilers, gas-turbines and stationary engines. 'Other (energy-related)' covers energy use principally in